Igisobanuro n'intego yo kuzimya
Icyuma gishyuha ku bushyuhe buri hejuru yingingo zikomeye Ac3 (hypoeutectoid ibyuma) cyangwa Ac1 (ibyuma bya hypereutectoid), bikabikwa mugihe runaka kugirango bibe byuzuye cyangwa igice, hanyuma bikonjeshwa kumuvuduko urenze umuvuduko ukabije wo kuzimya. Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe buhindura austenite ya supercooled muri martensite cyangwa bainite yo hepfo yitwa kuzimya.
Intego yo kuzimya ni uguhindura austenite irenze urugero muri martensite cyangwa bainite kugirango ibone imiterere ya martensite cyangwa yo hasi ya bainite, hanyuma igahuzwa nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe butandukanye kugirango izamure cyane imbaraga, ubukana, hamwe no kurwanya ibyuma. Kwambara, imbaraga z'umunaniro no gukomera, nibindi, kugirango uhuze ibisabwa bitandukanye byo gukoresha ibice bitandukanye bya mashini nibikoresho. Kuzimya birashobora kandi gukoreshwa muguhuza imiterere yihariye yumubiri nubumashini yibyuma bimwe na bimwe nka ferromagnetism hamwe no kurwanya ruswa.
Iyo ibice byibyuma bikonje muburyo bwo kuzimya hamwe nimpinduka zimiterere yumubiri, inzira yo gukonjesha igabanyijemo ibice bitatu bikurikira: icyiciro cya firime yumuyaga, icyiciro kibira, nicyiciro cya convection.
Gukomera kw'ibyuma
Gukomera no gukomera ni ibintu bibiri byerekana imikorere iranga ubushobozi bwibyuma byo kuzimya. Nibyingenzi byingenzi muguhitamo ibikoresho no gukoresha.
1. Amahame yo gukomera no gukomera
Gukomera nubushobozi bwibyuma kugirango bigere ku rugamba rwo hejuru rushobora kugeraho iyo ruzimye kandi rugakomera mubihe byiza. Ikintu nyamukuru kigena ubukana bwibyuma nibirimo karubone yibyuma. Kugirango bisobanutse neza, nibirimo karubone yashonga muri austenite mugihe cyo kuzimya no gushyushya. Iyo karubone irenze, niko gukomera kwicyuma. . Ibintu bivangavanze mubyuma ntacyo bihindura ku gukomera, ariko bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku gukomera kwicyuma.
Gukomera bivuga ibiranga kugena ubujyakuzimu no gukwirakwiza ibyuma mu bihe byagenwe. Nukuvuga, ubushobozi bwo kubona ubujyakuzimu bwurwego rukomeye mugihe ibyuma bizimye. Numutungo wibyuma. Gukomera mubyukuri byerekana ubworoherane austenite ihinduka martensite mugihe ibyuma bizimye. Bifitanye isano cyane cyane no guhagarara kwa austenite irenze urugero yicyuma, cyangwa nigipimo gikomeye cyo kuzimya ibyuma.
Twakwibutsa kandi ko gukomera kwibyuma bigomba gutandukanywa nubujyakuzimu bukomeye bwibice byibyuma mugihe cyo kuzimya. Gukomera kwibyuma ni umutungo wibyuma ubwabyo. Gusa biterwa nibintu byimbere kandi ntaho bihuriye nibintu byo hanze. Ubujyakuzimu bukomeye bwibyuma ntibiterwa gusa no gukomera kwicyuma, ahubwo biterwa nibikoresho byakoreshejwe. Bifitanye isano nibintu byo hanze nko gukonjesha hagati hamwe nubunini bwakazi. Kurugero, mugihe kimwe cyo gukangura, gukomera kwicyuma kimwe ni kimwe, ariko ubujyakuzimu bukomeye bwo kuzimya amazi ni bunini kuruta ubw'amavuta, kandi ibice bito ni bito kuruta kuzimya amavuta. Ubujyakuzimu bukomeye bwibice binini ni binini. Ibi ntibishobora kuvugwa ko kuzimya amazi bifite ubukana burenze kuzimya amavuta. Ntibishobora kuvugwa ko ibice bito bifite ubukana burenze ibice binini. Birashobora kugaragara ko kugirango dusuzume ubukana bwibyuma, ingaruka zimpamvu zo hanze nkimiterere yakazi, ingano, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, nibindi bigomba kuvaho.
Byongeye kandi, kubera ko gukomera no gukomera ari ibintu bibiri bitandukanye, ibyuma bifite ubukana bwinshi nyuma yo kuzimya ntabwo byanze bikunze bikomera cyane; n'ibyuma bifite ubukana buke nabyo birashobora kugira gukomera cyane.
2. Ibintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye
Gukomera kwicyuma biterwa no guhagarara kwa austenite. Ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora kuzamura ituze rya austenite irenze urugero, guhindura C umurongo ujya iburyo, bityo bikagabanya umuvuduko ukonje ushobora kunoza ubukana bwibyuma. Ihungabana rya austenite ahanini riterwa nimiterere yimiti, ingano yubunini hamwe nuburinganire bwabyo, bifitanye isano nimiterere yimiti yicyuma nubushyuhe.
3.Uburyo bwo gupima gukomera
Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima ubukana bwibyuma, uburyo bukoreshwa cyane nuburyo bukomeye bwo gupima diameter nuburyo bwo gupima amaherezo.
(1) Uburyo bukomeye bwo gupima diameter
Nyuma yicyuma kimaze kuzimya muburyo runaka, diameter ntarengwa iyo intangiriro ibonye martensite yose cyangwa 50% ya martensite yitwa diameter ikomeye, ihagarariwe na Dc. Uburyo bukomeye bwo gupima diameter nugukora urukurikirane rw'inkoni zizengurutswe na diametero zitandukanye, hanyuma nyuma yo kuzimya, bapima ubukana U umurongo wagabanijwe kuri diameter kuri buri gice cyicyitegererezo, hanyuma ugasanga inkoni ifite igice cya martensite hagati. Diameter yinkoni izengurutswe Ngiyo diameter ikomeye. Ninini ya diameter ikomeye, niko gukomera kwicyuma.
(2) Kurangiza uburyo bwo kuzimya
Uburyo bwo gupima-kurangiza uburyo bukoresha urugero rusanzwe rwazimye (Ф25mm × 100mm). Nyuma yo gukabya, amazi aterwa kumutwe umwe wikigereranyo kubikoresho bidasanzwe kugirango bikonje. Nyuma yo gukonja, ubukana bupimirwa ku cyerekezo cya axis - uhereye kumpera ikonje. Uburyo bwikizamini cyo gutandukanya intera. Uburyo bwikizamini cyo kurangiza-ni bumwe muburyo bwo kumenya gukomera kwicyuma. Ibyiza byayo nibikorwa byoroshye kandi bigari.
4.Kuzimya imihangayiko, guhindura no guturika
(1) Guhangayikishwa imbere mubikorwa byakazi mugihe cyo kuzimya
Iyo igicapo gikonje vuba muburyo bwo kuzimya, kubera ko igihangano gifite ubunini runaka kandi coefficente yubushyuhe bwumuriro nayo nigiciro runaka, igipimo cyubushyuhe runaka kizagaragara mugice cyimbere cyakazi mugihe cyo gukonja. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buri hasi, ubushyuhe bwibanze buri hejuru, nubuso nubushyuhe bwibanze ni hejuru. Hariho itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe. Mugihe cyo gukonjesha ibikorwa byakazi, hari nibintu bibiri bifatika: kimwe nukwagura ubushyuhe, nkuko ubushyuhe bugabanuka, uburebure bwumurongo wibikorwa bizagabanuka; ikindi ni uguhindura austenite kuri martensite mugihe ubushyuhe bugabanutse kugera kuri martensite ihinduka. , bizongera ingano yihariye. Bitewe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe mugihe cyo gukonjesha, ingano yo kwagura ubushyuhe izaba itandukanye mubice bitandukanye kuruhande rwambukiranya igice cyakazi, kandi imihangayiko yimbere izabyara mubice bitandukanye byakazi. Bitewe nuko habaho itandukaniro ryubushyuhe mubikorwa byakazi, hashobora no kuba ibice aho ubushyuhe bugabanuka vuba kurenza aho martensite ibera. Guhinduka, amajwi araguka, kandi ibice bifite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru biracyari hejuru kurwego kandi biracyari muri austenite. Ibi bice bitandukanye bizanavamo guhangayika imbere kubera itandukaniro ryijwi ryihariye. Kubwibyo, ubwoko bubiri bwimyitwarire yimbere irashobora kubyara mugihe cyo kuzimya no gukonjesha: imwe ni stress yumuriro; ikindi ni guhangayika.
Ukurikije igihe cyo kubaho kiranga imihangayiko y'imbere, irashobora kandi kugabanywa mukanya ako kanya no guhangayika. Imyitwarire yimbere iterwa nakazi mugihe runaka mugihe cyo gukonjesha byitwa guhangayika ako kanya; nyuma yakazi kamaze gukonja, imihangayiko isigaye imbere yakazi yitwa guhangayika.
Guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe bivuga guhangayikishwa no kwaguka kwinshi (cyangwa kugabanuka gukonje) bitewe nubushyuhe butandukanye mubice bitandukanye byakazi iyo bishyushye (cyangwa bikonje).
Noneho fata silinderi ihamye nkurugero rwo kwerekana imiterere no guhindura amategeko yimyitwarire yimbere mugihe cyo gukonja. Gusa impagarara za axial zaganiriweho hano. Mugutangira gukonja, kubera ko ubuso bukonja vuba, ubushyuhe buri hasi, kandi bugabanuka cyane, mugihe intangiriro ikonje, ubushyuhe buri hejuru, kandi kugabanuka ni nto. Nkigisubizo, ubuso n'imbere birabujijwe, bikaviramo guhangayika cyane hejuru, mugihe intangiriro iri mukibazo. guhangayika. Nkuko gukonja bigenda, itandukaniro ryubushyuhe hagati yimbere ninyuma ryiyongera, kandi imihangayiko yimbere nayo yiyongera uko bikwiye. Iyo imihangayiko yiyongereye kugirango irenze imbaraga zumusaruro kuri ubu bushyuhe, habaho ihinduka rya plastike. Kubera ko umubyimba wumutima uruta uwubuso, umutima uhora ugabanuka muburyo bwa mbere. Nkibisubizo byo guhindura plastike, imihangayiko yimbere ntikiyongera. Nyuma yo gukonja mugihe runaka, kugabanuka kwubushyuhe bwo hejuru bizagenda buhoro buhoro, kandi kugabanuka kwayo nabyo bizagabanuka buhoro buhoro. Muri iki gihe, intangiriro iracyagabanuka, bityo guhangayikishwa cyane hejuru no guhangayikishwa no kugabanuka bizagenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe bizimira. Nyamara, uko gukonja bikomeje, ubushuhe bwo hejuru buragenda bugabanuka no kugabanuka, kandi ingano yo kugabanuka iba nkeya, cyangwa ikareka kugabanuka. Kubera ko ubushyuhe bwibanze bukiri hejuru, bizakomeza kugabanuka, kandi amaherezo guhagarika umutima bizashyirwa hejuru yakazi, mugihe intangiriro izaba ifite imihangayiko. Nyamara, kubera ko ubushyuhe buri hasi, guhindura plastike ntabwo byoroshye kubaho, bityo iyi mihangayiko iziyongera uko gukonja bigenda. Ikomeje kwiyongera kandi amaherezo iguma imbere mubikorwa nkibibazo bisigaye.
Birashobora kugaragara ko guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe mugihe cyo gukonjesha byabanje gutuma urwego rwo hejuru ruramburwa kandi intangiriro igahagarikwa, naho ibisigisigi bisigaye ni urwego rwo hejuru rugomba gukomeretsa hamwe nintangiriro yo kuramburwa.
Mu ncamake, guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe butangwa mugihe cyo kuzimya ubukonje biterwa nubushyuhe butandukanye bwibice bitandukanye mugihe cyo gukonja. Nibipimo byinshi byo gukonjesha kandi niko itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwambukiranya ibice, niko imbaraga zumuriro zitanga. Mugihe kimwe cyo gukonjesha giciriritse, nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwakazi, nubunini bunini, nubushyuhe buke bwumuriro wibyuma, niko itandukaniro ryubushyuhe riri mukazi, kandi niko guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe bukabije. Niba igihangano gikonje kimwe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, kizagoreka kandi gihindurwe. Niba guhangayika ako kanya biterwa mugihe cyo gukonjesha igihangano cyakazi kirenze imbaraga zingirakamaro yibikoresho, kuzimya bizabaho.
Guhindura icyiciro bisobanura guhangayikishwa no guterwa nigihe gitandukanye cyo guhindura ibice mubice bitandukanye byakazi mugihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe, bizwi kandi ko guhangayika.
Mugihe cyo kuzimya no gukonjesha byihuse, mugihe urwego rwo hejuru rwakonje kugeza kuri Ms point, ihinduka rya martensitike ribaho kandi rigatera kwaguka kwijwi. Ariko, kubera inzitizi yibyingenzi bitarigeze bihinduka, urwego rwo hejuru rutanga impungenge zo kwikuramo, mugihe intangiriro ifite imihangayiko. Iyo imihangayiko ari nini bihagije, bizatera deformasiyo. Iyo intangiriro ikonje kugeza kuri Ms point, nayo izahinduka martensitike kandi yongere mubunini. Ariko, kubera imbogamizi zubutaka bwahinduwe hamwe na plastike nkeya nimbaraga nyinshi, imihangayiko yayo ya nyuma isigaye izaba muburyo bwo guhagarika ubuso, kandi intangiriro izashyirwaho igitutu. Birashobora kugaragara ko impinduka nuburyo bwa nyuma bwo guhindura ibyiciro bihabanye rwose nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko impinduka zimpinduka zibaho mubushyuhe buke hamwe na plastike nkeya, guhindura ibintu biragoye muriki gihe, bityo rero impinduka zicyiciro zirashobora gutera gucika kumurimo.
Hariho ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kubunini bwimpinduka zo guhinduka. Umuvuduko ukonje wibyuma mubipimo byubushyuhe bwa martensite, uko ubunini bwikigero cyicyuma, niko ububi bwumuriro wibyuma, niko ubunini bwihariye bwa martensite, niko guhangayikishwa nicyiciro. Ninini nini. Mubyongeyeho, guhangayikishwa nicyiciro nabyo bifitanye isano nibigize ibyuma no gukomera kwicyuma. Kurugero, ibyuma byinshi bya karuboni ndende byongera ubwinshi bwa martensite bitewe nibirimo byinshi bya karubone, bigomba kongera imbaraga zo guhindura icyiciro cyicyuma. Nyamara, uko karuboni yiyongera, ingingo ya Ms iragabanuka, kandi hari umubare munini wa austenite yagumishijwe nyuma yo kuzimya. Kwiyongera kwayo kugabanuka kandi guhangayika gusigaye ni muke.
(2) Guhindura igihangano cyakazi mugihe cyo kuzimya
Mugihe cyo kuzimya, hari ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwo guhindura ibintu mubikorwa: kimwe nimpinduka mumiterere ya geometrike yibikorwa, bigaragarira nkimpinduka mubunini no mumiterere, bakunze kwita guhindagurika, biterwa no kuzimya imihangayiko; ikindi ni uguhindura amajwi. , yigaragaza nkiyaguka ryagutse cyangwa igabanuka ryijwi ryibikorwa, biterwa nimpinduka yubunini bwihariye mugihe cyo guhindura icyiciro.
Guhindura imiterere bikubiyemo no guhindura imiterere no guhindura ibintu. Guhindura impinduka biterwa ahanini no gushyira mu buryo budakwiye igihangano cyakazi mu itanura mugihe cyo gushyushya, cyangwa kubura uburyo bwo kuvura nyuma yo gukosorwa mbere yo kuzimya, cyangwa gukonjesha kudahuje ibice bitandukanye byakazi mugihe igihangano gikonje. Ihinduka rishobora gusesengurwa no gukemurwa mubihe byihariye. Ibikurikira biraganira cyane cyane kubijyanye no guhindura amajwi no guhindura imiterere.
1) Impamvu zo kuzimya deformasiyo namategeko yayo ahinduka
Guhindura amajwi biterwa no guhindura imiterere Imiterere yimiterere yakazi mbere yo kuzimya muri rusange ni pearlite, ni ukuvuga imiterere ivanze ya ferrite na sima, kandi nyuma yo kuzimya ni imiterere ya martensitike. Umubumbe utandukanye wiyi tissue uzatera impinduka zingana mbere na nyuma yo kuzimya, bikavamo guhindura. Nyamara, uku guhindura ibintu gusa gutuma igihangano cyaguka kandi kigasezerana uko bikwiye, ntabwo rero bihindura imiterere yakazi.
Mubyongeyeho, uko martensite irenze mumiterere nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe, cyangwa hejuru ya karubone muri martensite, niko ubwinshi bwayo bwaguka, kandi nubunini bwa austenite yagumanye, niko kwaguka kwinshi. Kubwibyo, ihinduka ryijwi rishobora kugenzurwa no kugenzura ibintu bijyanye na martensite na martensite isigaye mugihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe. Niba bigenzuwe neza, amajwi ntashobora kwaguka cyangwa kugabanuka.
Imiterere ihindagurika iterwa no guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe Guhindagurika guterwa nubushyuhe bwumuriro bibaho ahantu h’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru aho imbaraga zumusaruro wibice byibyuma biri hasi, plastike ni ndende, ubuso bukonja vuba, kandi itandukaniro ryubushyuhe hagati yimbere ninyuma yakazi ni kinini. Muri iki gihe, guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe bwumwanya ni guhangayikishwa cyane no guhangayika. Kubera ko ubushyuhe bwibanze buri hejuru muri iki gihe, imbaraga zumusaruro ziri hasi cyane kurenza ubuso, bityo rero ikagaragaza nka deformasiyo munsi yibikorwa bya stress-compression compression, ni ukuvuga, cube ni serefike mu cyerekezo. Ibinyuranye. Igisubizo nuko kinini kinini kigabanuka, mugihe gito cyaguka. Kurugero, silinderi ndende igabanya icyerekezo cyerekezo kandi ikaguka mu cyerekezo cya diameter.
Imiterere ihindagurika iterwa no guhangayika kwimitsi Guhindagurika guterwa no guhangayika kwinyama nabyo bibaho mugihe cyambere iyo guhangayika kwinshi ari byinshi. Muri iki gihe, itandukaniro ryubushyuhe butandukanye ni nini, ubushyuhe bwibanze buri hejuru, buracyari muri austenite, plastike ni nziza, kandi imbaraga zumusaruro ni nke. Guhangayikishwa na tissue ako kanya ni guhangayikishwa no guhagarika umutima. Kubwibyo, guhindura ibintu bigaragarira nko kurambura intangiriro munsi yimikorere yibyerekezo byinshi. Igisubizo nuko mubikorwa byimyitwarire ya tissue, uruhande runini rwakazi rurambuye, mugihe uruhande ruto rugufi. Kurugero, deformasiyo iterwa no guhangayikishwa na tissue muri silinderi ndende ni kurambura uburebure no kugabanuka kwa diameter.
Imbonerahamwe 5.3 yerekana amategeko yo kuzimya ibice bitandukanye byicyuma.
2) Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumyuka
Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumyuka yo kuzimya ahanini ni imiterere yimiti yibyuma, imiterere yumwimerere, geometrie yibice hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
3) Kuzimya ibice
Kuvunika mubice ahanini bibaho mugihe cyanyuma cyo kuzimya no gukonjesha, ni ukuvuga, nyuma yo guhinduka kwa martensitike birangiye cyangwa nyuma yo gukonjesha burundu, kunanirwa gukabije bibaho kuko guhangayika cyane mubice birenze imbaraga zo kuvunika kwicyuma. Ubusanzwe ibice byerekeranye nicyerekezo cyo guhindagurika gukabije, kuburyo butandukanye bwibice mubice biterwa ahanini nuburyo bwo gukwirakwiza imihangayiko.
Ubwoko busanzwe bwo kuzimya: Ibice birebire (axial) bitangwa cyane cyane iyo guhangayikishwa cyane birenze imbaraga zo kumena ibikoresho; ibice bihindagurika bikozwe mugihe impagarike nini ya axial tensile ihangayikishijwe hejuru yimbere yikigice irenze imbaraga zo kumena ibintu. Ibice; imiyoboro y'urusobekerane ikorwa mugikorwa cyibice bibiri-bingana guhagarika umutima hejuru; gukuramo ibice bibaho mugice cyoroshye cyane, gishobora kubaho mugihe imihangayiko ihindutse cyane kandi guhangayika bikabije bikora muburyo bwa radiyo. Ubwoko bwa crack.
Ibice birebire byitwa kandi axial crack. Ibice bibaho kumurongo ntarengwa uhangayikishije hejuru yikigice, kandi ufite ubujyakuzimu bugana hagati. Icyerekezo cyibice muri rusange kibangikanye na axe, ariko icyerekezo gishobora nanone guhinduka mugihe habaye guhangayikishwa nigice cyangwa mugihe hari inenge zimbere.
Nyuma yakazi kazimye burundu, ibice birebire bikunze kugaragara. Ibi bifitanye isano na tangential nini ya tensile ihangayikishije hejuru yumurimo wazimye. Mugihe karubone yibyuma byiyongera, impengamiro yo gukora ibice birebire iriyongera. Ibyuma bya karubone bike bifite ingano ntoya ya martensite hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro. Hano hari impungenge nini zisigaye zo kwikuramo hejuru, ntabwo rero byoroshye kuzimya. Mugihe ibirimo bya karubone byiyongera, guhangayikisha hejuru biragabanuka kandi imiterere yimiterere ikiyongera. Muri icyo gihe, impagarara zingana zerekeza ku buso. Kubwibyo, ibyuma bya karubone birebire bikunze kuzimya igihe kirekire iyo bishyushye.
Ingano yibice igira ingaruka ku bunini no gukwirakwiza imihangayiko isigaye, kandi uburyo bwo kuzimya imitekerereze nayo iratandukanye. Ibice birebire nabyo byakozwe muburyo bworoshye kuzimya ingano yubunini bwambukiranya imipaka. Byongeye kandi, guhagarika ibikoresho byibyuma akenshi bitera gucikamo igihe kirekire. Kubera ko ibice byinshi byibyuma bikozwe no kuzunguruka, bitarimo zahabu, karbide, nibindi mubyuma bigabanywa icyerekezo cyo guhindura ibintu, bigatuma ibyuma biba anisotropique. Kurugero, niba igikoresho cyicyuma gifite umurongo umeze nkimiterere, imbaraga zavunitse zinyuranye nyuma yo kuzimya ni 30% kugeza kuri 50% ntoya kuruta imbaraga zavunitse. Niba hari ibintu nkibintu bitarimo zahabu mubyuma bitera guhangayika, kabone niyo imihangayiko ya tangensi irenze ihangayikishijwe na axial, ibice bya Longitudinal biroroshye kuboneka mugihe gito. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kugenzura neza urwego rwibintu bitarimo ubutare hamwe nisukari mubyuma nikintu gikomeye mukurinda kuzimya.
Ikwirakwizwa ryimbere yimbere iranga ibice byimbere hamwe nibice bya arc ni: hejuru irashobora guhangayika. Nyuma yo kuva hejuru yintera runaka, guhagarika umutima bigahinduka kumaganya manini. Kuvunika bibera ahantu hahangayikishijwe cyane, hanyuma iyo impagarara yimbere ikwirakwira hejuru yikigice gusa iyo igabanijwe cyangwa ubwinshi bwibyuma bikiyongera.
Guhinduranya ibice bikunze kugaragara mubice binini, nk'ibizunguruka, rotine ya turbine cyangwa ibindi bice bya shaft. Ibiranga ibice ni uko bitandukanije icyerekezo cyerekezo kandi bigacika imbere imbere. Bikunze kubaho mbere yo gukomera kandi biterwa no guhangayika. Kwibagirwa binini akenshi bifite inenge za metallurgjiya nka pore, inclusitions, guhimba ibice nibibara byera. Izi nenge zikora nk'intangiriro yo kuvunika no gucika munsi yibikorwa bya axial tensile stress. Ibice bya Arc biterwa nubushyuhe bwumuriro kandi mubisanzwe bikwirakwizwa muburyo bwa arc kubice aho igice cyacyo gihinduka. Igaragara cyane imbere mubikorwa cyangwa hafi yimpande zikarishye, ibinogo nu mwobo, kandi bigakwirakwizwa muburyo bwa arc. Iyo ibyuma bya karuboni nyinshi bifite diameter cyangwa umubyimba wa mm 80 kugeza 100 mm cyangwa birenga ntibizimye, ubuso buzagaragaza guhangayika kandi ikigo kizerekana imihangayiko. Guhangayikishwa, guhangayikishwa cyane bibaho muri zone yinzibacyuho kuva murwego rukomye kugera kurwego rutagoye, kandi ibice bya arc bibaho muri utwo turere. Mubyongeyeho, igipimo cyo gukonja kumpande zikarishye kandi cyihuta kandi byose bizimye. Iyo uhindukiye mubice byoroheje, ni ukuvuga, mukarere katagabanijwe, ahantu harehare harehare hagaragara hano, bityo ibice bya arc bikunda kubaho. Igipimo cyo gukonjesha hafi yumwobo wa pin, groove cyangwa umwobo wo hagati wigikorwa cyakazi kiratinda, igipande gikomereye kijyanye ni gito, kandi imihangayiko ihangayikishije hafi yinzibacyuho ikomeye irashobora gutera byoroshye gucika arc.
Ibice bya reticular, bizwi kandi nkibice byo hejuru, ni ibice byo hejuru. Ubujyakuzimu bwacitse ni buke, muri rusange hafi 0.01 ~ 1.5mm. Ikintu nyamukuru kiranga ubu bwoko bwa crack ni uko icyerekezo uko cyishakiye ntaho gihuriye nimiterere yigice. Ibice byinshi byahujwe kugirango bibe urusobe kandi bikwirakwijwe cyane. Iyo ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse ari bunini, nka mm zirenga 1, ibiranga urusobe birashira hanyuma bigahinduka ku bushake cyangwa bigabanijwe kuva kera. Imiyoboro y'urusobekerane ifitanye isano nuburyo bubiri-buringaniye buringaniye hejuru.
Ibice byinshi bya karubone cyangwa karubisi hamwe nicyuma cya decarburize hejuru bikunze kugaragara kumurongo mugihe cyo kuzimya. Ibi ni ukubera ko hejuru yubuso bufite karubone nkeya nubunini bwihariye kurenza urwego rwimbere rwa martensite. Mugihe cyo kuzimya, igice cyo hejuru cya karbide gihangayikishwa cyane. Ibice bya dephosphorisation bitakuweho burundu mugihe cyo gutunganya imashini nabyo bizakora imiyoboro y'urusobekerane mugihe cyo kuzimya inshuro nyinshi cyangwa umuriro. Kugira ngo wirinde guturika, ubwiza bw’ibice bugomba kugenzurwa cyane, kandi gusudira okiside bigomba gukumirwa mugihe cyo kuvura ubushyuhe. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo guhimba impfu zikoreshwa mugihe runaka, umunaniro wumuriro wumuriro ugaragara mumirongo cyangwa imiyoboro mumyanya no gucamo inzira yo gusya ibice byazimye byose ni ubu buryo.
Gukuramo ibice biboneka ahantu hafunganye cyane kurwego rwo hejuru. Guhagarika umutima bikora mubyerekezo bya axial na tangential, kandi guhangayika bikabije bibaho mubyerekezo bya radiyo. Ibice birasa nubuso bwigice. Gukuramo ibice bikomye nyuma yo kuzimya hejuru hamwe na carburizing ibice bikonje ni ibya Bene. Ibibaho bifitanye isano nuburyo butaringaniye murwego rukomeye. Kurugero, nyuma ya alloy carburized ibyuma bimaze gukonjeshwa kumuvuduko runaka, imiterere murwego rwa karburize ni: urwego rwinyuma rwa pearlite nziza cyane + karbide, naho sublayer ni martensite + isigara ya Austenite, igice cyimbere ni pearlite cyangwa imiterere ya pearlite nziza cyane. Kubera ko imiterere yihariye ya sub-layer martensite ari nini cyane, igisubizo cyo kwaguka kwijwi ni uko guhagarika umutima bikora kumurongo wubuso mu cyerekezo cya axial na tangensique, kandi guhangayika bikabije bibaho mu cyerekezo cya radiyo, kandi ihinduka ry’imihindagurikire riba imbere, rikajya mu bihe bitesha umutwe bikabije. Mubisanzwe, ibice byihishe imbere bisa nubuso, kandi mubihe bikomeye bishobora gutera hejuru. Niba igipimo cyo gukonjesha ibice bya karburizasi cyihuta cyangwa kigabanutse, imiterere ya martensite imwe cyangwa imiterere ya ultra-nziza ya pearlite irashobora kuboneka murwego rwa karburizasi, ishobora gukumira ko habaho guturika. Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyo kuzimya hejuru yumuriro mwinshi cyangwa urumuri, ubuso burashyuha cyane kandi inomomogeneité yimiterere ikurikiranye igoye irashobora gukora byoroshye guturika.
Microcrack itandukanye nibice bine bimaze kuvugwa kuko biterwa na microstress. Imvubura hagati igaragara nyuma yo kuzimya, gushyuha no gusya ibyuma bya karuboni nyinshi ibyuma cyangwa ibikoresho bya karubisi, kimwe nibice byatewe no kudashyira mugihe cyibice byazimye, byose bifitanye isano no kubaho kwa microcrake mubyuma.
Microcracks igomba gusuzumwa munsi ya microscope. Mubisanzwe bibaho kumupaka wumwimerere wa austenite cyangwa aho uhurira kumpapuro za martensite. Ibice bimwe byinjira mumpapuro za martensite. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko microcracks ikunze kugaragara muri flake twinned martensite. Impamvu nuko flake martensite igongana mugihe ikura kumuvuduko mwinshi kandi ikabyara impagarara nyinshi. Nyamara, impanga ya martensite ubwayo iracitse kandi ntishobora kubyara plastike ihindagurika igabanya imihangayiko, bityo bigatuma microcrack byoroshye. Ibinyampeke bya austenite ni bito kandi byoroshye kwandura microcracks biriyongera. Kubaho microcrack mubyuma bizagabanya cyane imbaraga na plastike yibice byazimye, biganisha ku kwangirika hakiri kare (kuvunika) ibice.
Kugira ngo wirinde microcrake mu bice by'ibyuma bya karuboni nyinshi, hashobora gukurikizwa ingamba nko kuzimya ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe, kubona imiterere ya martensite, no kugabanya imyuka ya karubone muri martensite. Byongeye kandi, kurakara mugihe gikwiye nyuma yo kuzimya nuburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya imihangayiko yimbere. Ibizamini byagaragaje ko nyuma yubushyuhe buhagije buri hejuru ya 200 ° C, karbide yaguye kumatongo igira ingaruka zo "gusudira" ibice, bishobora kugabanya cyane ingaruka za microcrack.
Ibyavuzwe haruguru ni ikiganiro cyibitera nuburyo bwo gukumira ibice bishingiye ku buryo bwo gukwirakwiza ibice. Mu musaruro nyirizina, ikwirakwizwa ryibice riratandukana bitewe nubwiza bwibyuma, imiterere yibice, hamwe nikoranabuhanga rishyushye kandi rikonje. Rimwe na rimwe, ibice bimaze kubaho mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe no kurushaho kwaguka mugihe cyo kuzimya; rimwe na rimwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gucamo bushobora kugaragara mugice kimwe icyarimwe. Muri uru rubanza, hashingiwe ku miterere ya morfologiya iranga igikoma, isesengura rya macroscopique yubuso bwavunitse, isuzuma ryibyuma, kandi mugihe bibaye ngombwa, isesengura ryimiti nubundi buryo bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango hakorwe isesengura ryuzuye uhereye kumiterere yibintu, imiterere yubuyobozi kugeza kubitera guhangayikishwa no kuvura ubushyuhe kugirango ubone igikomere. impamvu nyamukuru hanyuma umenye ingamba zifatika zo gukumira.
Gusesengura ibice byavunitse nuburyo bwingenzi bwo gusesengura ibitera. Ivunika iryo ariryo ryose rifite aho ritangirira. Kuzimya ibice mubisanzwe bitangirira aho bihurira nibice bya radiyo.
Niba inkomoko yigituba ibaho hejuru yikigice, bivuze ko igikoma giterwa no guhangayika bikabije hejuru. Niba nta nenge zubatswe nko guhuzagurika hejuru, ariko hariho ibintu byibanda kumaganya nkibimenyetso bikabije byicyuma, igipimo cya oxyde, imfuruka zikarishye yibice byibyuma, cyangwa ibice bya mutation, ibice bishobora kubaho.
Niba inkomoko yo kumeneka iri imbere mubice, bifitanye isano nubusembwa bwibintu cyangwa guhangayika bikabije imbere. Ubuso bwavunitse bwo kuzimya bisanzwe ni imvi na feri nziza. Niba ubuso bwavunitse bwijimye kandi bwijimye, buterwa no gushyuha cyane cyangwa tissue yumwimerere iba ndende.
Muri rusange, ntihakagombye kubaho ibara rya okiside ku gice cyikirahure cyo kuzimya, kandi ntihakagombye kubaho decarburisation ikikije igikoma. Niba hari decarburisation ikikije igikoma cyangwa ibara rya okiside ku gice cyacitse, byerekana ko igice cyari kimaze kugira ibice mbere yo kuzimya, kandi ibice byumwimerere bizaguka bitewe nubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe. Niba karbide itandukanijwe hamwe nibisanzwe bigaragara hafi yigice cyigice, bivuze ko ibice bifitanye isano no gutandukanya cyane karbide mubikoresho fatizo cyangwa kuba hari ibiyirimo. Niba ibice bigaragara gusa ku mfuruka zikarishye cyangwa bigahindura ibice bigize ihindagurika ryigice nta kintu cyavuzwe haruguru, bivuze ko igikoma giterwa nigishushanyo mbonera kidafite ishingiro cyigice cyangwa ingamba zidakwiye zo gukumira ibice, cyangwa guhangayikishwa cyane no kuvura ubushyuhe.
Byongeye kandi, ibice bivura ubushyuhe bwimiti nibice byo kuzimya bigaragara cyane hafi yurwego rukomeye. Kunoza imiterere yurwego rukomeye no kugabanya imihangayiko yo kuvura ubushyuhe ninzira zingenzi zo kwirinda guturika hejuru.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-22-2024